Vietnam History
Vietnam's history by many historians as having thickness of about 3000 to 4000 years or more the.Cac archaeologists have found relics prove humans have lived in Vietnam for the time period stone old. Neolithic era, the culture of Hoa Binh - Bac Son in this area has developed on livestock and agriculture, particularly rice nuoc.Nhung art of Vietnamese history in the Red River delta- Red River and the civilized code has opened for cultivation of land, creating a system of dykes to tame the flood waters of rivers and canals to serve the rice and made rice civilization and cultural villages.
History
Main article: Prehistoric Vietnam
Vietnam History prehistoric (before Hong Bang) is recognized only forecast through the archaeological, the legend, has spent the following period.
Stone Age
Main article: Culture of Son Vi, Hoa Binh Culture, and Bac Son Culture
This region, Vietnam has been inhabited since the Paleolithic. Archaeologists have found traces of apes living in Binh Gia (Lang Son), Mountain Red, and Nga Son Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa hundreds of thousands of years ago. This period is lower than sea water advisory, and Vietnam when it connected to Peninsular Malaysia, the island of Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan in Indonesia, with a cool moist climate than now. Quarrying ancient Vietnamese origin (three-dan) in the mountainside, chairs carved a rough surface, creating a key tool, along the edge of blade, horizontal blade edge, scraping ... where processing left broken pieces of stone (thin strip). The ruins in the mountains which is considered the oldest evidence of human presence in the land of Vietnam, when the organization of human society may be formed.
During which the researchers called the Son Vi culture, the original group of residents here have lived by hunting and gathering in a domain ecosystems heat - moist with a world of animals and plants richness, diversity 11-23 thousand years ago, the last time Renewal (Late Pleistocene).
Following the Son Vi culture is culture of Hoa Binh and Bac Son, the Neolithic.
Archaeologists have linked the onset of the Vietnamese civilization in the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age (about 2500 years BC)
Bronze Age stone
Main article: Phung Nguyen Culture
Phung Nguyen culture, located around the Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc province today, appearing from 2000 BC to 1400 BC.
Bronze
Main article: Culture of Dong Dau and Go Mun Culture
Iron Age
Main article: Dong Son culture, Sa Huynh Culture, and Eo
By about 1200 BC, the development of techniques for rice cultivation and bronze casting in the Ma River and Red River Delta has led to the development of the Dong Son culture, featuring the same space. The weapons, tools and bronze drum unearthed the Dong Son culture shows the impact on Southeast Asia and is also testament to the bronze casting techniques derived from it. Many small ancient copper mine was excavated in northern Vietnam. Dong Son culture has similarities with the culture of other excavated in Southeast Asia (Zone Prayvieng boat graves, Plain of Jars - Laos, archaeological zones Phuket - Thailand, etc.), here the Archaeologists have found the coffins and burial jars the boat, the floor, evidence of custom and chew betel and black-stained teeth.
Hong Bang
Main article: Hong Bang
Red Devil Water
According to some ancient history documentary certainly not groundless. [4], the ancient ethnic Vietnamese (Vietnamese Bach) Founding Fathers Lingnan first domain, including a large area of south China's Yangtze River present to the Red River Delta, Ma in northern Vietnam. Legend says the Vietnamese government was formed in 2879 BC in the Dongting Lake region (Hunan, China), the Spring and Autumn-Warring States period (8th century BC to 3rd century BC) by the power Department of pressure from the kingdom, the Qin in the north of China and Huaxia wave of war refugees running from the north down to the nation gradually lost the ancient Vietnamese territory, are assimilated into the Huaxia. Culminating at the time of the Qin Shi Huang of Chinese territory, pulled down to the southern coastal Guangdong.
Kingdom of the ancient Vietnamese national (Red Devils), this period can tell this is a "federal" loosely between different groups of ethnic Vietnamese Vietnamese Fill in Yunnan, Guizhou in Da Lang, Vietnam in Man Fujian in East China's Zhejiang Vietnam, South Vietnam in Cantonese, Vietnamese Europe (Western Europe) in Guangxi, Lac Vietnamese in North Vietnam ...
Van Lang
Van Lang territory in 500 BC
According to media, the life of Hung Vuong reign of the Van Lang Vietnamese Lac (this name is recorded in Chinese history) was founded around the 7th century BC in the area north of Vietnam today, the capital in Phong Chau (Phu Tho). Lac Vietnamese people are seen as ancestors of modern Vietnam.
The modern literature largely agree on a strategy used by Vietnamese kingdom of Van Lang Vietnamese dating Lac founded in the 7th century BC the same time, Chu Wang Page (696 BC - 682 BC) in China Nations. The kingdom existed in the Red River Delta, Ma, Lam River and had exchanges with the Vietnamese (Yue) of Vietnamese King Gou Jian (Lac Express) in the lower Yangtze River - China today.
Au Lac
By the 3rd century BC, Shu Shu water molecules (Van Lang northeast) of the European Vietnamese King has ceded the throne to his 18 th and founded Au Lac, established his capital at Co Loa, now is Dong Anh (Hanoi).
The Northern
South Vietnam
Frequency late, Trieu Da (Zhao foreigners - Warring States) is the captain and Nam Hai (Cantonese today) when the frequency of disturbances after the death of Qin Shi Huang (210 BC) had any sand area counties Nam Hai, conquer the surrounding areas such as Au Lac, Guilin (Guangxi). When Liu Bang ascended the Han, Zhao was restored and he agreed management areas in Guangdong, Guangxi and southern North Vietnam today and created a kingdom known as South Vietnam (南越). The word "Vietnam" (Yue 越) is the name given to Chinese people living in the land south of the Han empire, including the Red River Delta natives. Trieu Da divided the kingdom into nine South Vietnamese military district, three counties to the south - The Streets, Giao Chi, Cuu Chan - is part of the Au Lac. Lac is virtually ruled the Red River Delta region, but the vassal status to South Vietnam.
Han
Vietnam's territory under the Han Dynasty in 87 BC
In 111 BC, Emperor Han Wudi's army invaded South Vietnam and South Vietnam merged into the Han empire. Chinese people want domain governed RRD to stop the ship was trading with India and Indonesia]. In the first century, the Communications Minister still hold. In the 1st century, China began the policy of assimilation of the territory by raising taxes and reform the marriage law to turn Vietnam into a patriarchal society receptive to political power over. A revolt led by Hai Ba Trung district erupted in Giao, followed by the Cuu Chan District, Southern Japan, The City and other localities of the Lingnan region (which according to ancient Vietnamese history record are all bastions 65) responded in 40 years. Later Han Dynasty dispatched to General Code Institute revolt is suppressed. After three years of Independence, the uprising was suppressed Minister Ma Institute. Because of isolation and military organizations may be completed should not be able to resist forces commanded by the Institute for Ma, Hai Ba Trung had more weeks on the river to keep the integrity of gas more singing. Revolt of Hai Ba Trung is considered the event fighting for the independence of the nation's first Vietnam.
After the Han Dynasty
Following the Han Dynasty, the feudal dynasties of Chinese dominated Vietnam turns. The dynasty tried to assimilate the people of Vietnam according to Han. However, after 1000 years of Northern domination, the Vietnamese gained independence in 938.
In the more than 1,000 years of Chinese rule, the Vietnamese people affected by political institutions, society and culture of the northern regime.
Vietnamese people are influenced by Mahayana Buddhism is developing in East Asia. Although Southeast Asia at that time was influenced by Hinduism and Theravada Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhism mixed with Confucianism, Taoism, and in addition to the local folk beliefs
Feudal independence
Main article: Vietnam's territory over time
Building and protecting the country
Vietnam's territory expanded after the Southward (1069-1757)
In 938, Vietnam became independent. In 968, the country is named Dai Co Vietnam, in 1054 renamed the University Vietnam. Great Vietnamese underwent feudalism: the Ly (Century 11, 12), the Tran (Century 13, 14), the Ho (15th century), the Later Le dynasty (15th century, 16, 17 , 18), Tay Son Dynasty (late 18th century).
During this period the Chinese dynasty brought his army to invade, but were repulsed Vietnam: Hoan and Le Ly Thuong Kiet army repulsed two times the Song Dynasty (10th and 11th century), the Tran home defeat Originally three times (13th century). 15th century Ming dynasty was conquered and ruled Vietnam for 20 years, but also Le Loi to expel the emerging and established the Later Le dynasty, late 18th century Qing dynasty was invaded and defeated Nguyen Hue. However, from the 18th century onwards the feudal Vietnam has started to weaken.
Vietnam's history, from the University Vietnamese independence in the 10th century, marked by two main trends [7]. Mark the first is the development of the Confucian state model of Chinese style. To the 15th century, Dai Vietnamese government has a structure similar to neighboring China, the legal institutions, administrative, literary and artistic style of China.
Mark the second expansion to the south. With a more organized army, the Southward to find farmland to provide food for the increase of the general Vietnamese population. Between 11th and 17th centuries, Vietnam accounted for entirely Champa kingdom (present-day central Vietnam). Then (Century 17, 18) occupied southern delta of the Khmer and the early 19th century competition for influence in Cambodia with Thailand.
Vietnam in the feudal development is still based on agriculture, mainly rice cultivation to provide food, each dynasty has in turn to flooding embankment, digging canals, as well as traffic movement, reclaimed lands to the coastal plain area of cultivation increased. The production, almost no commercial development, although at the time of the Ly, Tran dynasty had traded with the kingdoms in the area at the port of Van Don (Quang Ninh), Trinh - Nguyen trade with Europe at centers such as Thang Long, Hoi An.
Separation and reunification of the territory
Main article: War-God Son Tay Nguyen (1789-1802)
Vietnam Trinh - Nguyen conflict in 1650
In the 16th century, Vietnam and the Civil War to the 17th century it was divided: Trinh Nguyen lords in the north and south. River boundary is taken under the European Gianh The father, now the north of Quang Binh. In both the 17th and 18th centuries, the Nguyen lords in the south of the country continues to expand to the south.
Cultural differences between the two is probably derived from the Southward of this. Confucian culture in the southern regime does not develop much, because they influenced the cultural part of Champa, Khmer and Upper-West Highlands. Today, the North-saving, protecting groups, good behavior; Southerners comfortable life, in thought and frank. Administrative and organizational differences. How meticulously organized government in the north has been simplified in the South.
Period, the country split into two separate territories and is in the North was also the period of foreign trade activities exciting, both the North and Cochin are involved in the global trading system by European traders, Japan, China to Great Vietnamese merchants. Dutch, English, French merchants set up a prostitute in Ke Cho (Hanoi), Portuguese, English, Japanese businessmen put in Faifo prostitute (Hoi An). The main commodities exported from Vietnam is the Great Silk, pepper, porcelain. But to the 18th century, the commercial activity decreased in both the North and Cochin ..
From the mid 18th century, the ongoing war with Siam, Chan Lap in Cochin as well as disputes in the North to make people's lives more critically. Many peasant uprising broke out, but most liable to fail. Go to the movement of the Tay Son uprising broke out in 1771 in Quy Nhon - Binh Dinh has developed extensive defeated two second rule of the Nguyen, Trinh, stop dividing the country, as well as abolish the Hau Le capital is only nominal. Hue became Emperor Quang Trung Son of the West, defeated the Siamese five thousand (1784) in the South and 20 hosts Manchu (1789) invasion in the North.
An Nam National University in 1838 Sketches
Revolt repel invasion of China, the most consistent territory, and change the U.S. merchant system in Vietnam. They just really puzzled as to the actual conduct of public affairs. After the death of Quang Trung in 1792, making local government more opaque continent increasingly weakened.
A person descended from Southern Lord Nguyen Phuc Nguyen Anh, with the backing of some of the French, defeated the Tay Son in 1802. He became king, taking dating to the Gia Long became the first king to rule a unified country with two fertile plains, connected by a strip of coast.
Gia Long (1802-1820) established his capital at Hue (center of the country). He built similar Hue Forbidden City in Beijing. Gia Long and his son, Minh Mang (ruled 1820-1841) attempted to Vietnam under construction concepts and methods of administration of China. But this attempt has caused long-term consequences, such as least developed countries and lead to loss of water [citation needed]. Since the 1830s, intellectuals in Vietnam (as representative Nguyen Truong) has set a requirement to learn from Western industrial development - trade, but they are a minority. In response, King Minh Mang and Thieu Tri's successor (1841-1847) and Tu Duc (1847-1883) selection policy is seriously outdated agricultural development (agriculture because of course) and prevent Christian education, religion from the West.
The French missionaries who actually were present in Vietnam since the mid-17th century. They also support human and material resources for the Nguyen in the battle with Tay Son. By the mid-19th century, about 450,000 people have converted to Christianity [citation needed]. The government really fears the formation of a religious organization should have killed those who follow Christianity, and leveled many direct neighbors.
French colonial
Main article: French
In 1858, the French navy landed at Da Nang and then invaded Saigon. In 1862, Tu Duc signed a treaty ceded to France three eastern provinces. In 1867, the French occupied spots next three western provinces to form a colonial territory Cochinchine (Southern). From 1873 to 1886, notes the French invaded the rest of the Vietnam War through the complex in the North. North chaotic when it is due to discord between the Vietnamese and American exile. Vietnam government unable to control this discord. Both China and France are considered the area under their influence and send troops there, but eventually the French were victorious.
The French attacked in 1885 in Lang Son Thanh
France announced that they will be protected Tonkin (Tonkin) and central (Annam), where they continue to maintain until the puppet emperor Bao Dai (king from 1926 to 1945 and National Secretary from 1949 to 1956) . In 1885, its officials in Vietnam held the Can Vuong movement against the French resistance, but failed.
In 1887, complete the invasion of Vietnam, the French held out a fairly complete machine rule from central to local levels. At the central level is Governor of Indochina. Topping the Governor called the Governor of Indochina, was the highest authority in the French political institutions across North, Central States, South and Cambodia. Head in the third period are: Southern governor, Kham porcelain central and northern resident period, all three are under supervision and control of the Supreme Governor of French Indochina who, directly under the colony. In 1893 to control of the Governor expanded the French East, including Ai Lao.
Vietnam was divided into three period of the Indochinese Federation
Vietnam radical who founded the Vietnam Nationalist Party (Kuomintang like in China) in 1927. However, until 1930, after the uprising failed, Yen Bai, Vietnam Nationalist Party was seriously weakened. That same year, a young Vietnam Marxist-Lenin founded the Indochinese Communist Party, but it quickly became the target of the French destroyed despite their organizations friendly to the Popular Front in the main French authorities.
Japanese attack on Indochina in 1940 and quickly reach an agreement with the Vichy government in France to the whole Japanese rule in Indochina. French colonial government only exists to March 1945 when the Japanese attacked the whole of Indochina. Shortly thereafter, Japan established a puppet government with the Bao Dai government headed by a prestigious wine Tran Trong Kim as head of the national flag and the flag cup hexagram.
Vietnamese Minh (Vietnam stands for Association of Independent Alliance) founded in 1941 as a front of the Indochinese Communist Party was run from Pac Bo (Vietnamese-Chinese border) by Ho Chi Minh when he first return since 1911 (the year he left Vietnam), although he associated with Communists in the country in the 1920s and 1930s.
Earlier in 1945, Vietnam fell into anarchy. War has shattered the economy, the Japanese took the rice and other products, forcing people to break the rice plant to serve the war, plus natural disasters, famine (Famine At Dau) has occurred in North and Central public. It is estimated that there were about two million people died of hunger this
Declaration of independence
Shortly after the Japanese surrender to Allied forces Vietnamese Minh (under the banner of national independence rather than socialist) has successfully organized the August Revolution, seize power in northern and Central Vietnam. They were less successful in the South. September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam an independent and unified country called Vietnam Democratic Republic. In early 1946, an election was held. Communists dominate, but other factions were also invited to participate in a government-wide. Period was chosen as the national flag red, yellow star 5 wing.
Indochina War
Main article: First Indochina War
Division 308 into acquisition capital Hanoi in 1954, after the victory of Dien Bien Phu
However, Vietnam is not really independent. In the north, the Allies appointed Chinese national army disarm the Japanese. Chinese troops there to maintain in May 1946 and then transferred to France in the tolerance of the government of Ho Chi Minh. Conversely, in the south, the Japanese were decommissioned by the British-Indian Army. But then, the British-Indian frustrated too chaotic Saigon was transferred to France. In late 1945, the French returned to South Vietnam. During 1946, Ho Chi Minh City government to negotiate with France, although the two sides prepare forces for war. Vietnamese Minh war between France and exploded in December 1946.
In early 1947, the French seem to grasp the overall winner and strategic location of Vietnam. However, Vietnamese Minh persevere with the strategy of "people's war", organized and trained people for a long armed battle. During this time, France set up a puppet government headed by the Head of Bao Dai, the cup is the national flag hexagram period. This government is the participation of former pro-French bureaucrats. In 1950, the communist government of China and the Soviet Union began to help Vietnamese Minh manpower and raw materials. Other side, US-backed French. But in the early 1950s, France began to weaken in Indochina. Defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu (the names associated with the Vietnamese military strategist Vo Nguyen Giap Minh City) in May 1954 concluded completely French efforts to keep the whole of Vietnam and Indochina.
Vietnam in the context of the Cold War
Divided nation
After the battle of Dien Bien Phu, the warring parties met in Geneva to seek ways to resolve the war. Results Geneva Agreement was signed with the content is a temporary truce and split Vietnam at 17th parallel. North led by Ho Chi Minh City under the name Democratic Republic of Vietnam. South was led by Bao Dai (abdicated in 1945 and became the puppet minister under the French in 1949) under the Vietnam National. 1,100,000 people Christians have migrated north to south.
Ho Chi Minh City government considered the Geneva Agreement was an important victory because the agreement is intended for a general election in 1956 to establish a unified country, an election they said they would popular win for the role of Ho Chi Minh at the time. But elections never took place. The French withdrawal, but the American-backed Ngo Dinh Diem, a devout Christian and a conservative nationalist, became prime minister under Bao Dai. In 1955, Ngo Dinh Diem won the referendum that many see as false, allowing him to make the First President of the Republic of South Vietnam. Bao Dai's exile to France. Ngo Dinh Diem refused to participate in national elections.
In the north, Ho Chi Minh City authorities called for, community values, to the socialist direction, including collective agriculture. Most people did their best to support the government of Ho Chi Minh. The agrarian reform advisers as directed by China [citation needed] have denounced the killing of thousands of local and central rural north. On the other hand many intellectuals, writers, journalists were taken to improve, review or hanging pen does not write correctly because the authorities in the purges of Humanities Phase products.
In the South, the U.S. began to Ngo Dinh Diem's government to build a market economy. But the political turmoil in late 1950 to create greater instability in the South society. The new government began to implement the policy of "Team", "Kill community, religious persecution, especially Buddhism, which comprise the majority in all classes of people. Many massacres occurred as Vinh Trinh, Huong Dien (Quang Tri), in prison in Phu Loi (killing hundreds of inmates by poison gas communism).
Since 1959, the northern government-backed organization Front for National Liberation (MTGPDT). MTGPDT calls for patriotism and moral values of the people of Vietnam, promising intervention against the U.S. and established a better government. Point noted that in 1959, the number of Americans in South Vietnam in just a few hundred people.
In the early 1960s, the armed forces attacked a large MTGPDT rural south, and open multiple bombings in Saigon. U.S. President John F. Kennedy increased aid to Ngo Dinh Diem and send 17,500 "advisers" to Vietnam in the U.S. in 1963 to shock cord fact this administration. The whole world condemned the government of Ngo Dinh Diem's suppression of religion as a series demonstrations of tens of thousands of Buddhists erupted in the main cities of the south. The typical Buddhist monk, Thich Quang Duc burned himself against Ngo Dinh Diem regime. Statements of the United States sent to the Republic of Vietnam generals urging them against too strict policy of Ngo Dinh Diem. Generals Republic of Vietnam Military coup and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem on November 1 in 1963, ending the First Republic.
Not long after the death of Ngo Dinh Diem, Kennedy was assassinated and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became president.
